Repository Universitas Pakuan

Detail Karya Ilmiah Dosen

Fahmi Amhar, Endang Purnama Giri, Florence Elfriede Sinthauli Silalahi, Shelvie Nidya Neyman, Anggrahito, Dadan Ramdani, Danang Jaya, Dewayany Sutrisno, Sandi Adhitya Kolopaking, Tia Rizka Nuzula Rachma, Murdaningsih

Judul : Ownership Protection on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Using Transform-Based Watermarking

Abstrak :
This research aims to protect Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from piracy or counterfeiting. An invisible watermark inserted into the data, which will not considerably change the data value, is necessary. The proposed method involves the use of the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2D DCT), a combination of 2D DCT and discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and two dimensional discrete Fourier transform (2D DFT) in the frequency domain. The data used include a National DEM file downloaded from the geoportal of the Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial—BIG). Three files represent mountainous, lowland/urban, and coastal areas. An “attack” is also conducted on the watermarked DEM by cropping. The results indicate that the watermarked DEM is well recognized. The watermark can be read 100% for 2D DCT, while that for 2D DFT can be read 90.50%. The distortion value of the elevation data under the DCT technique demonstrates the smallest maximum value of 0.1 m compared with 4.5 and 1.1 m for 2D DFT and 2D DCT–DWT. Meanwhile, the height difference (Max Delta), the peak signal-to-noise ratio, and the root mean squared error (RMSE) are highest in mountainous, lowland, and coastal areas, respectively. Overall, the 2D DCT is also superior to the 2D DFT and the2D DCT–DWT. Although only one can recognize the nine watermarks inserted on each sheet, DEMs attacked by the cropping process can still be identified. However, this finding can sufficiently confirm that DEMs belong to BIG.

Tahun : 2023 Media Publikasi : Jurnal Internasional

Kategori : Jurnal No/Vol/Tahun : 11 / 3 / 2022

ISSN/ISBN : 2220-9964

PTN/S : Universitas Pakuan Program Studi : TEKNIK GEODESI

Bibliography :
1. Nirwansyah, A.W.; Braun, B. Mapping Impact of Tidal Flooding on Solar Salt Farming in Northern Java using a Hydrodynamic Model. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8, 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100451.
2. Cummins, P.R.; Pranantyo, I.R.; Pownall, J.M.; Griffin, J.D.; Meilano, I.; Zhao, S. Earthquakes and tsunamis caused by lowangle normal faulting in the Banda Sea, Indonesia. Nat. Geosci. 2020, 13, 312–318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0545-x.
3. Nuraghnia, A.; Windupranata, W.; Hakim, A.R.; Nusantara, C.A.D.S. Poerbandono Modeling of tide in the Java sea coastal area between Jakarta and Cirebon, Indonesia: Bathymetric data source and sensitivity tests due to bottom roughness and ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 200 26 of 27 boundary condition. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 777, 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/777/1/012034.
4. Wasster, L.; Holdgraf, C.; Morrissey, M. About the Geotiff (.tif) Raster File Format: Raster Data in Python. Earth Data Sci.-Earth Lab. August 19, 2021. https://www.earthdatascience.org/courses/use-data-open-source-python/intro-raster-datapython/fundamentals-raster-data/intro-to-the-geotiff-file-format/ (accessed on 24 January 2022).
5. NASA. GeoTIFF. Earth Data; NASA: Washington, DC, USA, 2021.
6. Mahammad, S.S.; Ramakrishnan, R. GeoTIFF-A standard image file format for GIS applications. In Proceedings of the Map India Conference 2003: Image Processing & Interpretation, Hyderabad, India, 17–20 December 2003.
7. Huang, F.; Zhao, H.; Li, B.; Lv, Z. Watermarking Massive Remote Sensor Images in Parallel. In Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering, Wuhan, China, 10–12 December 2010; pp. 1–4.
8. Amhar, F. The problematics of Indonesian geoportal and its future strategies. In Proceedings of the 39th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15–19 October 2019; pp. 1868–1877.
9. Zhou, Q.; Zhu, C.; Ren, N. Zero Watermarking for the TIN DEM Data Based on the Edge Length. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080559.
10. AbouEl-Seoud, S.; Abu Rumman, N.; Taj-Eddin, I.A.T.F.; Khatatneh, K.F.; Gütl, C. Robust Digital Watermarking for Compressed 3D Models based on Polygonal Representation. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2013, 61, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5120/9913-3909.
11. Bors, A.G.; Pitas, I. Image watermarking using DCT domain constraints. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Switzerland, 19 September 1996; pp. 231–234.
12. Cho, J.-W.; Prost, R.; Jung, H.-Y. An Oblivious Watermarking for 3-D Polygonal Meshes Using Distribution of Vertex Norms. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 2007, 55, 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2006.882111.
13. Kanai, S.; Date, H.; Kishinami, T. Digital Watermarking for 3D Polygons using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition. In Proceedings of the Sixth IFIP WG 5.2/GI Int. Work. Geom. Model. Fundam. Appl. Tokyo, Japan, 1–4 December 1998; pp. 296–307.
14. Li, L.; Zhang, D.; Pan, Z.; Shi, J.; Zhou, K.; Ye, K. Watermarking 3D mesh by spherical parameterization. Comput. Graph. 2004, 28, 981–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2004.08.002.
15. Ohbuchi, R.; Masuda, H.; Aono, M. Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 1998, 16, 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1109/49.668977.
16. Yeo, B.-L.; Yeung, M.M. Watermarking 3D objects for verification. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 1999, 19, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1109/38.736467.
17. Yin, K.; Pan, Z.; Shi, J.; Zhang, D. Robust mesh watermarking based on multiresolution processing. Comput. Graph. 2001, 25, 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00065-6.
18. Yamni, M.; Daoui, A.; El, O.; Karmouni, H.; Sayyouri, M.; Qjidaa, H.; Flusser, J. Fractional Charlier moments for image reconstruction and image watermarking. Signal Processing 2020, 171, 107509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107509.
19. Tsougenis, E.D.; Papakostas, G.A.; Koulouriotis, D.E.; Tourassis, V.D. The Journal of Systems and Software Performance evaluation of moment-based watermarking methods : A review. J. Syst. Softw. 2012, 85, 1864–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.045.
20. BIG. Regulation of Head of the Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial) Number 6 of 2018 about the amendment to the Regulation of Head of the Geospatial Information Agency of Number 15 of 2014 for Technical Guidelines for Accuracy of Base Map; Indonesia, 2018. Available online: https://jdihn.go.id/files/217/27330968 (accessed on 10 February 2022).
21. Amhar, F. Quality Test Various Existing DEM in Indonesia Toward 10 Meter National DEM. ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2016, XLI-B4, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B4-111-2016.
22. Fenrich, K. Securing Your Control System. Power Eng. 2008, 112, https://www.controlglobal.com/assets/knowledge_centers/abb/assets/abb_secure_control_sys.pdf (accessed on 24 January
2022).
23. Fornaro, C.; Sanna, A. Public key watermarking for authentication of CSG models. Comput. Aided Des. 2000, 32, 727–735.
24. Praun, E.; Hoppe, H.; Finkelstein, A. Robust Mesh Watermarking. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Broadway, NY, USA, 8–13 August 1999; pp. 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1145/311535.311540.
25. Ohbuchi, R.; Masuda, H.; Aono, M. A shape-preserving data embedding algorithm for NURBS curves and surfaces. In Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International CGI-99, Canmore, AL, Canada, 7–11 June 1999; pp. 180–187.
26. Xu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Li, J.; Liu, H.; Zhu, H. Extracting Terrain Texture Features for Landform Classification Using Wavelet Decomposition. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100658.
27. Doglioni, A.; Simeone, V. Geomorphometric analysis based on discrete wavelet transform. Environ. Earth Sci. 2014, 71, 3095–3108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2686-3.
28. Stankovic, S.; Djurovic, I.; Pitas, I. Watermarking in the space/spatial-frequency domain using two-dimensional Radon-Wigner distribution. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2001, 10, 650–658. https://doi.org/10.1109/83.913599.
29. Zhang, X.; Feng, J.; Lo, K. Image watermarking using tree-based spatial-frequency feature of wavelet transform. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 2003, 14, 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-3203(03)00047-6.
30. Malik, G. Analysis of Watermarking Techniques. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2016, 138, 30–32. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 200 27 of 27
31. Abubahia, A.; Cocea, M. Evaluating the topological quality of watermarked vector maps. Appl. Soft Comput. 2018, 71, 849–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.07.002.
32. Shrestha, B.; O’Hara, C.G.; Younan, N.H. JPEG2000: Image Quality Metrics. In Proceedings of the ASPRS 2005 Annual Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA, 7–11 March 2005.
33. Li, Y.-M.; Wei, D.; Zhang, L. Double-encrypted watermarking algorithm based on cosine transform and fractional Fourier transform in invariant wavelet domain. Inf. Sci. 2021, 551, 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2020.11.020.
34. Matlab, “2-D DCT,” Math Works. Available online: https://www.mathworks.com/help/vision/ref/2ddct.html (accessed on 24 January 2022).
35. Fazli, S.; Moeini, M. A robust image watermarking method based on DWT, DCT, and SVD using a new technique for correction of main geometric attacks. Optik 2016, 127, 964–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.09.205.
36. Islam, S.M.M.; Debnath, R.; Hossain, S.K.A. DWT Based Digital Watermarking Technique and its Robustness on Image Rotation, Scaling, JPEG compression, Cropping and Multiple Watermarking. In Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, Bangalore, India, 15–16 December 2007; pp. 246–249.
37. Ruswiansari, M.; Novianti, A.; Wirawan, W. Implementation Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) And Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) on Image Watermarking. J. Elektro dan Telekomun. Terap. 2016, 3. https://doi.org/10.25124/jett.v3i1.130.
38. Gourrame, K.; Douzi, H.; Harba, R.; Ros, F.; El Hajji, M.; Riad, R.; Amar, M. Robust Print-cam Image Watermarking in Fourier Domain. In Proceedings of the Image and Signal Processing: 7th International Conference, ICISP 2016, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada, 30 May–1 June 2016; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2016; pp. 356–365.
39. Woo, C.-S.; Du, J.; Pham, B. Geometric Invariant Domain for Image Watermarking. In International Workshop on Digital Watermarking; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; pp. 294–307.
40. Li, L.; Bai, R.; Lu, J.; Zhang, S.; Chang, C.-C. A Watermarking Scheme for Color Image Using Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform and Tensor Decomposition. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115006.

URL : https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11030200

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Welcome Repository Universitas Pakuan

Student's Achievments

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Detail Karya Ilmiah Dosen

Fahmi Amhar, Endang Purnama Giri, Florence Elfriede Sinthauli Silalahi, Shelvie Nidya Neyman, Anggrahito, Dadan Ramdani, Danang Jaya, Dewayany Sutrisno, Sandi Adhitya Kolopaking, Tia Rizka Nuzula Rachma, Murdaningsih

Judul	:	Ownership Protection on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Using Transform-Based Watermarking
Abstrak	:	This research aims to protect Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from piracy or counterfeiting. An invisible watermark inserted into the data, which will not considerably change the data value, is necessary. The proposed method involves the use of the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2D DCT), a combination of 2D DCT and discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and two dimensional discrete Fourier transform (2D DFT) in the frequency domain. The data used include a National DEM file downloaded from the geoportal of the Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial—BIG). Three files represent mountainous, lowland/urban, and coastal areas. An “attack” is also conducted on the watermarked DEM by cropping. The results indicate that the watermarked DEM is well recognized. The watermark can be read 100% for 2D DCT, while that for 2D DFT can be read 90.50%. The distortion value of the elevation data under the DCT technique demonstrates the smallest maximum value of 0.1 m compared with 4.5 and 1.1 m for 2D DFT and 2D DCT–DWT. Meanwhile, the height difference (Max Delta), the peak signal-to-noise ratio, and the root mean squared error (RMSE) are highest in mountainous, lowland, and coastal areas, respectively. Overall, the 2D DCT is also superior to the 2D DFT and the2D DCT–DWT. Although only one can recognize the nine watermarks inserted on each sheet, DEMs attacked by the cropping process can still be identified. However, this finding can sufficiently confirm that DEMs belong to BIG.
Tahun	:	2023	Media Publikasi	:	Jurnal Internasional
Kategori	:	Jurnal	No/Vol/Tahun	:	11 / 3 / 2022
ISSN/ISBN	:	2220-9964
PTN/S	:	Universitas Pakuan	Program Studi	:	TEKNIK GEODESI
Bibliography	:	1. Nirwansyah, A.W.; Braun, B. Mapping Impact of Tidal Flooding on Solar Salt Farming in Northern Java using a Hydrodynamic Model. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2019, 8, 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100451. 2. Cummins, P.R.; Pranantyo, I.R.; Pownall, J.M.; Griffin, J.D.; Meilano, I.; Zhao, S. Earthquakes and tsunamis caused by lowangle normal faulting in the Banda Sea, Indonesia. Nat. Geosci. 2020, 13, 312–318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0545-x. 3. Nuraghnia, A.; Windupranata, W.; Hakim, A.R.; Nusantara, C.A.D.S. Poerbandono Modeling of tide in the Java sea coastal area between Jakarta and Cirebon, Indonesia: Bathymetric data source and sensitivity tests due to bottom roughness and ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 200 26 of 27 boundary condition. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 777, 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/777/1/012034. 4. Wasster, L.; Holdgraf, C.; Morrissey, M. About the Geotiff (.tif) Raster File Format: Raster Data in Python. Earth Data Sci.-Earth Lab. August 19, 2021. https://www.earthdatascience.org/courses/use-data-open-source-python/intro-raster-datapython/fundamentals-raster-data/intro-to-the-geotiff-file-format/ (accessed on 24 January 2022). 5. NASA. GeoTIFF. Earth Data; NASA: Washington, DC, USA, 2021. 6. Mahammad, S.S.; Ramakrishnan, R. GeoTIFF-A standard image file format for GIS applications. In Proceedings of the Map India Conference 2003: Image Processing & Interpretation, Hyderabad, India, 17–20 December 2003. 7. Huang, F.; Zhao, H.; Li, B.; Lv, Z. Watermarking Massive Remote Sensor Images in Parallel. In Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering, Wuhan, China, 10–12 December 2010; pp. 1–4. 8. Amhar, F. The problematics of Indonesian geoportal and its future strategies. In Proceedings of the 39th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15–19 October 2019; pp. 1868–1877. 9. Zhou, Q.; Zhu, C.; Ren, N. Zero Watermarking for the TIN DEM Data Based on the Edge Length. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080559. 10. AbouEl-Seoud, S.; Abu Rumman, N.; Taj-Eddin, I.A.T.F.; Khatatneh, K.F.; Gütl, C. Robust Digital Watermarking for Compressed 3D Models based on Polygonal Representation. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2013, 61, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5120/9913-3909. 11. Bors, A.G.; Pitas, I. Image watermarking using DCT domain constraints. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Lausanne, Switzerland, 19 September 1996; pp. 231–234. 12. Cho, J.-W.; Prost, R.; Jung, H.-Y. An Oblivious Watermarking for 3-D Polygonal Meshes Using Distribution of Vertex Norms. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 2007, 55, 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2006.882111. 13. Kanai, S.; Date, H.; Kishinami, T. Digital Watermarking for 3D Polygons using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition. In Proceedings of the Sixth IFIP WG 5.2/GI Int. Work. Geom. Model. Fundam. Appl. Tokyo, Japan, 1–4 December 1998; pp. 296–307. 14. Li, L.; Zhang, D.; Pan, Z.; Shi, J.; Zhou, K.; Ye, K. Watermarking 3D mesh by spherical parameterization. Comput. Graph. 2004, 28, 981–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2004.08.002. 15. Ohbuchi, R.; Masuda, H.; Aono, M. Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 1998, 16, 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1109/49.668977. 16. Yeo, B.-L.; Yeung, M.M. Watermarking 3D objects for verification. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 1999, 19, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1109/38.736467. 17. Yin, K.; Pan, Z.; Shi, J.; Zhang, D. Robust mesh watermarking based on multiresolution processing. Comput. Graph. 2001, 25, 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00065-6. 18. Yamni, M.; Daoui, A.; El, O.; Karmouni, H.; Sayyouri, M.; Qjidaa, H.; Flusser, J. Fractional Charlier moments for image reconstruction and image watermarking. Signal Processing 2020, 171, 107509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107509. 19. Tsougenis, E.D.; Papakostas, G.A.; Koulouriotis, D.E.; Tourassis, V.D. The Journal of Systems and Software Performance evaluation of moment-based watermarking methods : A review. J. Syst. Softw. 2012, 85, 1864–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.045. 20. BIG. Regulation of Head of the Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial) Number 6 of 2018 about the amendment to the Regulation of Head of the Geospatial Information Agency of Number 15 of 2014 for Technical Guidelines for Accuracy of Base Map; Indonesia, 2018. Available online: https://jdihn.go.id/files/217/27330968 (accessed on 10 February 2022). 21. Amhar, F. Quality Test Various Existing DEM in Indonesia Toward 10 Meter National DEM. ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2016, XLI-B4, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B4-111-2016. 22. Fenrich, K. Securing Your Control System. Power Eng. 2008, 112, https://www.controlglobal.com/assets/knowledge_centers/abb/assets/abb_secure_control_sys.pdf (accessed on 24 January 2022). 23. Fornaro, C.; Sanna, A. Public key watermarking for authentication of CSG models. Comput. Aided Des. 2000, 32, 727–735. 24. Praun, E.; Hoppe, H.; Finkelstein, A. Robust Mesh Watermarking. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Broadway, NY, USA, 8–13 August 1999; pp. 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1145/311535.311540. 25. Ohbuchi, R.; Masuda, H.; Aono, M. A shape-preserving data embedding algorithm for NURBS curves and surfaces. In Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International CGI-99, Canmore, AL, Canada, 7–11 June 1999; pp. 180–187. 26. Xu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Li, J.; Liu, H.; Zhu, H. Extracting Terrain Texture Features for Landform Classification Using Wavelet Decomposition. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10, 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100658. 27. Doglioni, A.; Simeone, V. Geomorphometric analysis based on discrete wavelet transform. Environ. Earth Sci. 2014, 71, 3095–3108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2686-3. 28. Stankovic, S.; Djurovic, I.; Pitas, I. Watermarking in the space/spatial-frequency domain using two-dimensional Radon-Wigner distribution. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2001, 10, 650–658. https://doi.org/10.1109/83.913599. 29. Zhang, X.; Feng, J.; Lo, K. Image watermarking using tree-based spatial-frequency feature of wavelet transform. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 2003, 14, 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-3203(03)00047-6. 30. Malik, G. Analysis of Watermarking Techniques. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 2016, 138, 30–32. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 200 27 of 27 31. Abubahia, A.; Cocea, M. Evaluating the topological quality of watermarked vector maps. Appl. Soft Comput. 2018, 71, 849–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.07.002. 32. Shrestha, B.; O’Hara, C.G.; Younan, N.H. JPEG2000: Image Quality Metrics. In Proceedings of the ASPRS 2005 Annual Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA, 7–11 March 2005. 33. Li, Y.-M.; Wei, D.; Zhang, L. Double-encrypted watermarking algorithm based on cosine transform and fractional Fourier transform in invariant wavelet domain. Inf. Sci. 2021, 551, 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2020.11.020. 34. Matlab, “2-D DCT,” Math Works. Available online: https://www.mathworks.com/help/vision/ref/2ddct.html (accessed on 24 January 2022). 35. Fazli, S.; Moeini, M. A robust image watermarking method based on DWT, DCT, and SVD using a new technique for correction of main geometric attacks. Optik 2016, 127, 964–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.09.205. 36. Islam, S.M.M.; Debnath, R.; Hossain, S.K.A. DWT Based Digital Watermarking Technique and its Robustness on Image Rotation, Scaling, JPEG compression, Cropping and Multiple Watermarking. In Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, Bangalore, India, 15–16 December 2007; pp. 246–249. 37. Ruswiansari, M.; Novianti, A.; Wirawan, W. Implementation Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) And Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) on Image Watermarking. J. Elektro dan Telekomun. Terap. 2016, 3. https://doi.org/10.25124/jett.v3i1.130. 38. Gourrame, K.; Douzi, H.; Harba, R.; Ros, F.; El Hajji, M.; Riad, R.; Amar, M. Robust Print-cam Image Watermarking in Fourier Domain. In Proceedings of the Image and Signal Processing: 7th International Conference, ICISP 2016, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada, 30 May–1 June 2016; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2016; pp. 356–365. 39. Woo, C.-S.; Du, J.; Pham, B. Geometric Invariant Domain for Image Watermarking. In International Workshop on Digital Watermarking; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; pp. 294–307. 40. Li, L.; Bai, R.; Lu, J.; Zhang, S.; Chang, C.-C. A Watermarking Scheme for Color Image Using Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform and Tensor Decomposition. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5006. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115006.
URL	:	https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11030200